Earth Tunnel Simulator

Four modes: magnitude scales (Richter Mₗ, moment magnitude M𝑤, energy), energy comparison (each step = 31.6× more energy, logarithmic bar chart), Modified Mercalli Intensity I-XII with descriptions, and Richter magnitude from seismograph amplitude. Presets include Minor M3 through Great M8, 1906 San Francisco M7.9, and 2011 Japan M9.1.

Estimate annual CO₂ emissions from transportation (car miles, fuel type, flights), home energy (electricity, heating, AC), diet (meat consumption, food waste), and lifestyle (shopping, recycling). Pie chart breakdown, country comparison bar chart, trees-to-offset and equivalent-driving metrics. Five presets: Average American, Eco-Conscious, Heavy Commuter, Frequent Flyer, Work from Home.

Three modes: interactive HR diagram with 23 real stars (click to see properties), stellar evolution pathway from nebula to end state (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole based on initial mass), and star properties calculator (luminosity L∝M^3.5, radius, lifetime t∝M^-2.5, apparent magnitude). Six presets: Sun, Red Dwarf (0.3 M☉), Sirius A (2 M☉), Blue Giant (20 M☉), Betelgeuse (15 M☉), Supergiant (50 M☉). Includes spectral class colour strip and SVG star visualization.

Three modes: plot a single star on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram from temperature, radius, and mass (Stefan-Boltzmann luminosity, spectral class O-M, absolute magnitude, HR region); compare multiple stars side by side; and browse the spectral atlas with typical properties for each class. 23 reference stars plotted, 6 presets from Proxima Centauri to Rigel.

Investigate how magma viscosity and gas content control eruption type and intensity. Adjust sliders to vary basaltic to rhyolitic magma and dissolved gas percentage; the lab calculates VEI (0-8), eruption type (Hawaiian to Ultra-Plinian), column height, and names a real-world example volcano. An animated SVG cross-section shows eruption style with particle effects. Data table tracks trials for hypothesis testing.

Design and test earthquake-resistant structures. Choose building height, width, and foundation type (rigid, base isolation, or dampers), set earthquake magnitude, run the simulation, and record which designs survive.

Calculate rock ages using radiometric dating with C-14, K-40, U-238, and Rb-87 isotope systems. Measure plate motion rates from magnetic reversal distances and predict future ocean widths

Investigate how soil composition affects water drainage using Darcy's Law. Build a soil column by adding layers of sand, loam, silt, and clay with adjustable thicknesses. The lab calculates effective hydraulic conductivity (harmonic mean), drainage time, Darcy velocity, permeability class, and runoff potential. An animated water-flow visualization shows drainage rate. Data table tracks layer configurations and drainage results.