DNA and Genetics
Explore how DNA encodes the instructions for life and how traits are inherited across generations. From base pairs to Punnett squares, genetics connects molecules to organisms.
Learning Path
DNA to Protein Poster
Visual guide tracing the central dogma from DNA to mRNA to protein. Covers transcription, translation, codons, and the genetic code.
Open →Genetics and Punnett Square Calculator
Generate Punnett squares for monohybrid, dihybrid, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked crosses. Color-coded SVG grid with genotype and phenotype ratios.
Open →Mendelian Genetics and Punnett Square Lab
Perform monohybrid, dihybrid, and sex-linked crosses with interactive Punnett squares. Explore complete, incomplete, and codominance patterns with genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Open →Key Concepts
The core concepts connecting DNA to inheritance.
- DNA base pairs: A-T and G-C
- Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
- Translation: mRNA to protein at ribosomes
- Dominant allele masks recessive allele
- Monohybrid cross: 3:1 phenotype ratio
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Common Questions
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is translated into protein at ribosomes. This one-way flow (with some exceptions like reverse transcription) underlies all gene expression.
What does a Punnett square show?
A Punnett square shows all possible offspring genotypes from a cross between two parents. Each cell in the grid represents the probability of one genotype combination, allowing you to calculate genotype and phenotype ratios.